Abstract Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) is a vital process regulating the terrestrial water balance. However, significant uncertainties persist in global ET estimates. Focusing on the area between 60°, we performed an intercomparison of 90 state-of-the-art ET products from 1980 to 2014. These products were obtained from various sources or methods...

Abstract Accurate evaluation of evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial for efficient agricultural water management. Data-driven models exhibit strong predictive ET capabilities, yet significant limitations like naive extrapolation hamper wider generalization. In this perspective, we explore a novel hybrid deep learning (DL) framework to integrate domain...

Abstract Turbulent flows are investigated upstream of a bar rack system that is recommended as optimum in recent literature from tests with several fish species of different morphology, swimming ability, and behavior. Both two-dimensional two-component and two-dimensional three-component state-of-the-art particle image velocimetry were used to quantify...

Abstract A gradient-information-enhanced image segmentation method using convolutional neural networks is presented, and then combined with contact angle measurement to establish an automated processing workflow. For three-dimensional X-ray images, the segmentation accuracy at interfaces and sparsely distributed small objects directly influences the...

Abstract This research investigates dynamic pricing as a demand management tool to reduce cost and increase the lifespan of water distribution systems by reducing peak hour demand. Individual consumer responses to changes in hourly water price are simulated using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data. Demand profiles are used as input to a hydraulic...

Abstract Vegetation plays a crucial role in atmosphere-land water and energy exchanges, global carbon cycle and basin water conservation. Land Surface Models (LSMs) typically represent vegetation characteristics by monthly climatological indices. However, static vegetation parameterization does not fully capture time-varying vegetation characteristics,...